## Requirements

The CC8 system generally assumes the availability of:

*   [At least 12 kWords of core](#memory) at run time for programs
    compiled with CC8.  The stages of the native OS/8 CC8 compiler require
    20 kWords to compile programs.

    CC8 provides no built-in way to use more memory than this, so you
    will probably have to resort to [inline assembly](#asm) or FORTRAN
    II library linkage to get access to more than 16 kWords of core.

*   A PDP-8/e or higher class processor.  The CC8 compiler code and its
    [LIBC implementation](#libc) make liberal use of the MQ register
................................................................................
the `os8-run` documentation to understand this process better.

If you change the OS/8 CC8 source code, saying `make` at the PiDP-8/I
build root will update `bin/v3d.rk05` with new binaries automatically.

Because the CC8 native compiler is compiled by the CC8 *cross*-compiler,
the [standard memory layout](#memory) applies to both.  Among other
things, this means each phase of the native compiler requires
approximately 20 kWords of core.

The phases are:

1.  `c8.c` → `c8.sb` → `CC.SV`: The compiler driver: accepts
    the input file name from the user, and calls the first proper
    compiler stage, `CC1`.

2.  `n8.c` → `n8.sb` → `CC1.SV`: The parser/tokeniser section
    of the compiler.

3.  `p8.c` → `p8.sb` → `CC2.SV`: The token to SABR code
    converter section of the compiler.

`CC.SV` contains extremely rudimentary preprocessor features
documented [below](#os8pp).

There is also `libc.c` → `libc.sb` → `LIBC.RL`, the [C
library](#libc) linked to any program built with CC8, including the
stages above, but also to your own programs.

All of these binaries end up on the automatically-built OS/8 boot disk:
`CC?.SV` on `SYS:`, and everything else on `DSK:`, based on the defaults
our OS/8 distribution is configured to use when seeking out files.

Input programs should go on `DSK:`. Compiler outputs are also placed on
`DSK:`.
................................................................................
        It also means that if you take a program that the cross-compiler
        handles correctly and just copy it straight into OS/8 and try to
        compile it, it probably still has the `#include <libc.h>` line and
        possibly one for `init.h` as well. *Such code will fail to compile.*
        You must strip such lines out when copying C files into OS/8.

        (The native compiler emits startup code automatically, and it
        hard-codes the LIBC call table in the `CC2` compiler stage,
        implemented in `p8.c`, so it doesn’t need `#include` to make these
        things work.)

    *   [Broken](#os8asm) handling of [inline assmembly](#asm) via `#asm`.

    *   No support for `#if`, `#ifdef`, etc.

5.  Variables are implicitly `static`, even when local.

................................................................................
[ub]:     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undefined_behavior
[zp]:     https://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/man/mri.html#pagezero


<a id="asm"></a>
## Inline Assembly Code


The [cross-compiler](#cross) allows [SABR][sabr] assembly code between
`#asm` and `#endasm` markers in the C source code:

    #asm
        TAD (42      / add 42 to AC
    #endasm

Such code is copied literally from the input C source file into the
compiler’s SABR output file, so it must be written with that context in
................................................................................
body in assembly:

    add48(a)
    int a
    {
        a;          /* load 'a' into AC; explained below */
    #asm
        TAD (48
    #endasm
    }

Doing it this way saves you from having to understand the way the CC8
software stack works, which we’ve chosen not to document here yet, apart
from [its approximate location in core memory](#memory). All you need to
know is that parameters are passed on the stack and *somehow* extracted
................................................................................
main program and the C library. This constitutes a compile time linkage
system to allow for standard and vararg functions to be called in the
library.

**TODO:** Explain this.


### <a id="os8asm"></a>Inline Assembly and the OS/8 CC8 Compiler

The native CC8 compiler does not properly do any of the above.

There is a start at handling of `#asm` in this compiler, but it isn’t
properly integrated into the code generation stage. Instead, the
preprocessing stage just gathers up what it finds and dumps it to a
temporary file, which the code generation stage unceremoniously dumps in
at the *end* of the resulting `CC.SB` output file.




Furthermore, this process is currently limited to 1&nbsp;kiB of total
text: if the preprocessor gathers any more than that, it’s likely to
crash the preprocessor.


Since such code is not injected inline into the output SABR code at a
corresponding point to where it’s coded in the C source file, it’s not
even clear to us how you’d call such code. It may be possible to declare

an assembly subroutine this way, but we currently don’t know how you’d
call an assembly function that has no prototype in the C code.






At this time, we recommend that only low-level experimenters attempt to
use this feature of the native OS/8 CC8 compiler.





































### <a id="opdef"></a>Predefined OPDEFs

In addition to the op-codes predefined for SABR — which you can find in
[Appendix C of the OS/8 Handbook, 1974 edition][os8hac] — the following
`OPDEF` directives are inserted at the top of every SABR file output

## Requirements

The CC8 system generally assumes the availability of:

*   [At least 12 kWords of core](#memory) at run time for programs
    compiled with CC8.  The [native OS/8 CC8 compiler passes](#ncpass)
    require 20 kWords to compile programs.

    CC8 provides no built-in way to use more memory than this, so you
    will probably have to resort to [inline assembly](#asm) or FORTRAN
    II library linkage to get access to more than 16 kWords of core.

*   A PDP-8/e or higher class processor.  The CC8 compiler code and its
    [LIBC implementation](#libc) make liberal use of the MQ register
................................................................................
the `os8-run` documentation to understand this process better.

If you change the OS/8 CC8 source code, saying `make` at the PiDP-8/I
build root will update `bin/v3d.rk05` with new binaries automatically.

Because the CC8 native compiler is compiled by the CC8 *cross*-compiler,
the [standard memory layout](#memory) applies to both.  Among other
things, this means each pass of the native compiler requires
approximately 20 kWords of core.

<a id="ncpass"></a>The compiler passes are:

1.  `c8.c` &rarr; `c8.sb` &rarr; `CC.SV`: The compiler driver: accepts
    the input file name from the user, and calls the first proper
    compiler pass, `CC1`.

2.  `n8.c` &rarr; `n8.sb` &rarr; `CC1.SV`: The parser/tokeniser section
    of the compiler.

3.  `p8.c` &rarr; `p8.sb` &rarr; `CC2.SV`: The token to SABR code
    converter section of the compiler.

`CC.SV` contains extremely rudimentary preprocessor features
documented [below](#os8pp).

There is also `libc.c` &rarr; `libc.sb` &rarr; `LIBC.RL`, the [C
library](#libc) linked to any program built with CC8, including the
passes above, but also to your own programs.

All of these binaries end up on the automatically-built OS/8 boot disk:
`CC?.SV` on `SYS:`, and everything else on `DSK:`, based on the defaults
our OS/8 distribution is configured to use when seeking out files.

Input programs should go on `DSK:`. Compiler outputs are also placed on
`DSK:`.
................................................................................
        It also means that if you take a program that the cross-compiler
        handles correctly and just copy it straight into OS/8 and try to
        compile it, it probably still has the `#include <libc.h>` line and
        possibly one for `init.h` as well. *Such code will fail to compile.*
        You must strip such lines out when copying C files into OS/8.

        (The native compiler emits startup code automatically, and it
        hard-codes the LIBC call table in the [final compiler
        pass](#ncpass), implemented in `p8.c`, so it doesn’t need
        `#include` to make these things work.)

    *   [Broken](#os8asm) handling of [inline assmembly](#asm) via `#asm`.

    *   No support for `#if`, `#ifdef`, etc.

5.  Variables are implicitly `static`, even when local.

................................................................................
[ub]:     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undefined_behavior
[zp]:     https://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/man/mri.html#pagezero


<a id="asm"></a>
## Inline Assembly Code

Both the [cross-compiler](#cross) and the [native compiler](#native)
allow inline [SABR][sabr] assembly code between `#asm` and `#endasm`
markers in the C source code:

    #asm
        TAD (42      / add 42 to AC
    #endasm

Such code is copied literally from the input C source file into the
compiler’s SABR output file, so it must be written with that context in
................................................................................
body in assembly:

    add48(a)
    int a
    {
        a;          /* load 'a' into AC; explained below */
    #asm
        TAD (D48
    #endasm
    }

Doing it this way saves you from having to understand the way the CC8
software stack works, which we’ve chosen not to document here yet, apart
from [its approximate location in core memory](#memory). All you need to
know is that parameters are passed on the stack and *somehow* extracted
................................................................................
main program and the C library. This constitutes a compile time linkage
system to allow for standard and vararg functions to be called in the
library.

**TODO:** Explain this.


### <a id="os8asm"></a>Inline Assembly in the Native CC8 Compiler

#### Limitations

The native compiler has some significant limitations in the way it
handles inline assembly.




The primary one is that snippets of inline assembly are gathered by the
[first pass](#ncpass) of the compiler in a core memory buffer that’s
only 1024 characters in size. If the total amount of inline assembly in
your program exceeds this amount, `CC.SV` will overrun this buffer and
produce corrupt output.


It’s difficult to justify increasing the size of that buffer, because
it’s already over [&frac14; the space given](#udf) in CC8 to global
variables.


It all has to be gathered in one pass, because this 1&nbsp;kWord buffer
is written to a text file (`CASM.TX`) at the end of the [first compiler
pass](#ncpass), where it waits for the final compiler pass to read it
back in to be inserted into the output SABR code.  Since LIBC’s
[`fopen()`](#fopen) is limited to a [single output file at a
time](#stdio) and it cannot append to an existing file, it’s got one
shot to write everything it collected.



This is one reason the CC8 LIBC has to be cross-compiled: its inline
assembly is over 6&times; the size of this buffer.


#### Incompatibilities

The only known incompatibility between the compilers in the way they
handle inline assembly is that the native compiler inserts a `DECIM`
directive early in its SABR output, so all constants in inline assembly
that aren’t specifically given a radix are treated as decimal numbers:

    #asm
        TAD (42
    #endasm

That instruction adds 42 decimal to AC when compiled with the native
compiler, but it adds 34 decimal (42₈) with the cross-compiler because
the cross-compiler leaves SABR in its default octal mode!

If you want code to work with both, use the SABR-specific `D` and `K`
prefix feature on constants:

    #asm
        TAD (D42      / add 42 *decimal* to AC
    #endasm

We cannot recommend using the `DECIM` and `OCTAL` SABR pseudo-ops in
code that has to work with both compilers because there’s no way to tell
what directive to give at the end of the `#asm` block to restore prior
behavior. If you switch the mode without switching it back properly,
SABR code emitted by the compiler itself will be misinterpreted.

There’s a `DECIM` directive high up in the implementation of LIBC, but
that’s fine since it knows it will be compiled by the cross-compiler
only.


### <a id="opdef"></a>Predefined OPDEFs

In addition to the op-codes predefined for SABR — which you can find in
[Appendix C of the OS/8 Handbook, 1974 edition][os8hac] — the following
`OPDEF` directives are inserted at the top of every SABR file output